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AP Biology Flashcards — Key Terms for All 8 Units

Free AP Biology flashcards for all 8 units. Study key terms like natural selection, cell signaling, gene expression, and ecology concepts.

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Study AP Biology key terms with flashcards covering all 8 units, from chemistry of life through ecology.

Must-Know AP Biology Terms

  • Natural Selection: Mechanism of evolution where organisms with heritable traits that improve survival/reproduction leave more offspring. Requires variation, heritability, and differential reproductive success.
  • Cell Signaling: Process by which cells communicate: signal molecule binds receptor → transduction cascade → cellular response. Key types: endocrine (distant), paracrine (local), synaptic (neurons).
  • Gene Expression: Process from DNA → mRNA (transcription) → protein (translation). Regulation occurs at multiple stages: transcription factors, mRNA processing, translation, post-translational modification.
  • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high water potential to low water potential (hypotonic → hypertonic).
  • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Mathematical model (p² + 2pq + q² = 1) describing allele frequencies in a non-evolving population. Requires no mutation, migration, selection, genetic drift, or non-random mating.
  • ATP Synthase: Enzyme that synthesizes ATP using the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (chemiosmosis). Site of most ATP production in cellular respiration.
  • Keystone Species: Species with a disproportionately large effect on ecosystem structure relative to its abundance.

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