Study AP Chemistry key terms and equations with flashcards covering all 9 units from atomic structure through electrochemistry.
Must-Know AP Chemistry Terms and Equations
- Le Chatelier's Principle: When a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it shifts to partially counteract the disturbance and re-establish equilibrium.
- Hess's Law: The enthalpy change of a reaction is the same regardless of the path taken. ΔH°rxn = Σ ΔH°f(products) − Σ ΔH°f(reactants).
- Henderson-Hasselbalch: pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA]). Used to calculate pH of buffer solutions.
- Rate Law: rate = k[A]^m[B]^n. Rate depends on concentration of reactants raised to experimentally determined orders, not stoichiometric coefficients.
- Gibbs Free Energy: ΔG = ΔH − TΔS. A reaction is spontaneous when ΔG < 0 (negative). ΔG° = −RT ln K.
- Electronegativity: Measure of an atom's ability to attract bonding electrons. Increases across a period, decreases down a group. Difference >1.7 = ionic; 0.4–1.7 = polar covalent; <0.4 = nonpolar covalent.
- ICE Table: Used to calculate equilibrium concentrations. Initial → Change → Equilibrium. Change row uses stoichiometry and +x / −x variables.
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