Study AP Statistics with flashcards covering inference procedures, sampling distributions, probability, and the conditions required for each test.
Must-Know AP Statistics Terms and Procedures
- P-value: The probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme as (or more extreme than) the observed value, assuming H₀ is true. A small p-value is evidence against H₀.
- Type I Error: Rejecting H₀ when H₀ is true (false positive). Probability = α (significance level). You control this by choosing α before the test.
- Type II Error: Failing to reject H₀ when H₀ is false (false negative). Probability = β. Power = 1 − β.
- Conditions for t-test: Random (data from random sample or random assignment), Normal/Large Sample (n ≥ 30 or roughly normal distribution), Independent (sample is ≤ 10% of population).
- Confidence Interval: Estimate ± critical value × standard error. "We are C% confident that the true parameter lies in this interval" — NOT "there is a C% probability the parameter is in this interval."
- Central Limit Theorem: For large enough samples (n ≥ 30), the sampling distribution of x̄ is approximately normal regardless of population distribution. Mean of sampling distribution = μ, SD = σ/√n.
- R² (Coefficient of Determination): The proportion of variation in y explained by the linear regression model. R² = (correlation r)². Does NOT imply causation.
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