Primary succession: Ecological succession that begins on bare substrate with no pre-existing soil, such as after a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat.
How to apply it: Apply primary succession to explain why lichens and mosses colonize bare rock first and build soil for later species.
Course: AP Environmental Science · Unit: The Living World: Biodiversity
Practice questions about Primary succession on AimFive — get rubric-based feedback showing exactly which points you earned.
AP and Advanced Placement are trademarks of College Board. AimFive is not affiliated with or endorsed by College Board.