AP Physics 1 is algebra-based and emphasizes reasoning over memorization. These notes focus on the core models and equations tested most heavily, including the six science practices used to score FRQs.
Units 1–2: Kinematics and Newton's Laws
Kinematics equations (constant acceleration): v = v₀ + at, x = x₀ + v₀t + ½at², v² = v₀² + 2aΔx. Projectile motion: horizontal and vertical components are independent; ax = 0, ay = −g. Newton's 2nd law: ΣF = ma (system, not individual object). Static vs. kinetic friction: fs ≤ μsN, fk = μkN. Free body diagrams must show all forces with correct direction and labels.
Units 3–4: Energy, Work, and Momentum
Work-energy theorem: Wnet = ΔKE. Conservation of energy: KE + PE + thermal energy = constant in a closed system. Power P = W/t = Fv. Impulse-momentum theorem: J = FΔt = Δp. Elastic collisions conserve both momentum and KE; inelastic conserve only momentum. Center of mass velocity is unchanged in collisions with no external net force.
Units 5–7: Rotation, Oscillation, and Waves
Torque τ = rF sinθ; rotational inertia I depends on mass distribution (I = mr² for point mass). Angular momentum L = Iω is conserved when net torque = 0. Simple harmonic motion: period T = 2π√(m/k) for spring, T = 2π√(L/g) for pendulum. Wave speed v = fλ; standing waves require nodes at fixed ends. Resonance occurs when driving frequency matches natural frequency.
Unit 8: Electric Charge and Simple Circuits
Coulomb's law: F = kq₁q₂/r². Ohm's law: V = IR. Series circuits: same current, voltages add. Parallel circuits: same voltage, currents add. Power P = IV = I²R = V²/R. Resistors in series add; parallel: 1/Req = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂.
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